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IPA Systems ...impregnated with DURIPAL remain permeable to gases and vapor. Liquids: DURIPAL reduces the surface permeability of porous materials such as limestone or sandstone and air-entrained concrete, and forms a water repellent barrier. Once it has penetrated into the masonry surface, DURIPAL reacts with free lime to form calcium silicate. It... See #1 LMCC Our experience tells us that the most common causes of concrete surface scaling are: Floating in bleed water during the early placement stages Hard troweling of air-entrained concrete Aggressive deicing salt attack, especially during the first winter Low air content in the concrete mix design Concrete maturity issues, i.e., late... See #2 1: http://www.IPASystems.com [c529565] 2: http://www.lmcc.com [c489862]